Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 11

Report - Essay Example Different exchange administrations are accessible in the new market as far as ease of use and worth. For instance an individual needs to watch a scene of a missed sequential by means of Internet on the PC. This may diminish the utilization of portable TV. The time of a powerful situation likewise carries difficulties for sellers to make contemplations with respect to buyer inclinations. The new market keeps on being powerful and developing media, Internet administrations, versatile correspondences and customer electronic items. The portable TV worldwide biological system comprises of substance suppliers, aggregators, retailers, specialist co-ops, systems, gadget programming arrangement suppliers, and gadget OEMs. It reasons that the portable TV biological system agreeably gives a start to finish data administrations and diversion that is far reaching from lasting and broadband systems above broadband remote systems for the buyers of cell phones in the third era or fourth era versatile systems. Propelled versatile information systems comprise of IPTV and portable TV administrations gave by portable administrators in the western nations. An exhaustive meaning of IPTV is accessible on www.iptvdictionary.com which says â€Å"Internet convention TV (IPTV) is a procedure of giving TV (video or potentially sound) benefits through the utilization Internet convention (IP) systems. These IP systems start, process, and get voice or sight and sound interchanges utilizing Internet convention. These IP frameworks might be open IP frameworks (for example the Internet), private information frameworks (for example LAN based), or a crossover of open and private systems†.Mobile TV is considered as a wonderful application by partners with regards to falling ARPU and benefits of versatile administrators. Associations are engaged with content arrangement and they have taken in the innovative upgrades and progressions alongside administration accessibility. These elements lead to selection comprehensively with high income streams. In spite of the fact that the forecasts identified with the portable

The Scarlet Letter - Punishment And Death Essays - Film,

The Scarlet Letter - Punishment and Death Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter manages numerous subjects, among those counting discipline and demise. Using the subject of discipline, the focal character, Hester Prynne, had to wear a weaved red letter on her chest for a mind-blowing remainder as an indication of her transgression of infidelity. This article; in any case, has the contrary effect as a discipline and as individuals of the network start to overlook the first centrality of the letter it comes to manage another importance, capable. In the thirteenth section of this book, Hawthorne comes out and as an outsider looking in states the red letter had not done its office. Hester has gone past the stated aim of the law and done everything inquired of her. She turns out to be a serious famous needle worker, proclaimed everywhere throughout the town of Boston for her work. She herself wears just boring attire of standard attire, rebuffing herself with quietude. There is just one bit of apparel that she is taboo to make, the wedding vail, it is expected that she can not in any way, shape or form speak to the estimations of a marriage. It would be generally ill-advised to have one who has submitted as transgression as she must be engaged with the conjugal obligations of another couple. By the by, she does her work obediently and totally. She is emotionately exhausted by all the work and compensation for her transgression. Halfway through the novel she no longer shows up as a shrouded stunner. Hester presently wears her hair in a top, and the main exertion of extensive worth is that which she uses in her lessons to Pearl. She has earned the towns individuals regard. Individuals presently view the letter as speaking to the word capable. As the Reverend Dimmesdale alludes to Pearl in his contention for permitting the kid to stay with her mom, God gave Pearl as a gift what's more, as a token of her transgression. The young lady herself is a substantially more extensive discipline to Hester then the letter An is. Pearl is the living image of her wrongdoing. All the malevolence and despise of this story is exemplified in this pretty much nothing young lady. Hawthorne brings up the issue of how Hester really observes Pearl by alluding to that small, snickering picture of a savage which seems to peep out of Pearl; Regardless of whether it peeped or no, her mom so envisioned it. She is an excellent appealling little youngster and in this way a gift, however the pressure of Hester's condition exciting bends in the road the activities of the young lady into insidious things. In that regard she is even more a discipline to Hester then a piece of fabric she should over her garments. On her visit to Governor Bellingham's home to argue for Pearl's authority, Hester passes by a suit of protection in which the bosom plate so amplifies the letter A she wore practically expending her. In later sections, after a shooting star shows up above Boston, a sexton so thinks about whether it spoken to Heavenly attendant originating from above. Incidentally along these lines, it was a fallen one descending so. Thus the letter A takes on another importance indeed. In Section 13, Hester ponders whether it wouldn't be better if both she and Pearl were both dead. The minor certainty that Hester can think about self destruction demonstrates that the red letter had not done it's office, on the grounds that self destruction is a reprehensible sin in the Puritan confidence. This reality in combination with what the red letter was intended to be and was not as well as Pearl herself being a significant discipline in herself, talked about in the above sections unmistakably bolsters my faith in the disappointment of the red letter to accomplish its work.

All My Sons2 essays

All My Sons2 expositions Every one of My Sons, a play by Arthur Miller, recounts dominatingly of the tale of the Kellers. This play happens after World War II, in the year 1947. It is a show of activities and outcomes and profound quality. This topic of activities and results is appeared after Joe Keller delivers out faulty motor parts, which eventually finishes in the passing of numerous pilots including that of his own child, Larry Keller, who murders himself in disgrace of his dad s activities. Joe Keller had two children, Chris and Larry, who is dead. Chris and his dad, Joe, have contradicting ethics and perspectives on a large number of the issues that oversee their lives, essentially the issue of the shipment of the imperfect motor parts. Chriss analysis of Joe and his ethics in juxtaposition to his own produces a disclosure of Chriss genuine character and his character imperfections. Chriss principle reactions of Joe, his dad, predominantly manages the shipment of the deficient motor parts. Joe assumes a significant job in this play. He is appeared as the foe, the person who through his terrible choices, winds up executing numerous guiltless pilots who were just guarding their nation. In All My Sons, Miller confounds the story in that the dad becomes imperfect ethically to such a degree, that the outside powers work as reflections or declarations of the fundamental internal shortcoming. (Martin, 9) As Yorks appears in his exposition, through Joes steadfastness to his business and his family, Joe double-crosses the bigger loyalties of the worldwide clash [World War II] (21) by delivery out deficient motor parts. Joe attempts to protect his activities by saying, Who worked for nothin in that war? When they work for nothin, Ill work for nothin...its dollars and pennies, nickels and dimes; war and harmony, its nickels and dimes, whats clean? A large portion of the Goddamn nation is gotta go in the event that I go! (Mill operator, 67) Joe cases to Chris that practically all the organizations inv... <!

Gsm Specification & Air Interface

[pic] WHAT IS GSM: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications: initially from Groupe Special Mobile) is the most well known standard for cell phone frameworks on the planet. The GSM Association, its advancing industry exchange association of cell phone transporters and makers, assesses that 80% of the worldwide portable market utilizes the norm. GSM Specifications-I RF Spectrum GSM 900 1. Versatile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 MHz 2. BTS to Mobile (downlink):935-960 MHz 3. Data transfer capacity: 2* 25 MHz GSM 1800 1. Versatile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 MHz 2. BTS to Mobile (downlink) 1805-1880 MHz 3. Data transfer capacity: 2* 75 MHz GSM Specification-II 1. Bearer Separation : 200 KHz 2. Duplex Distance : 45 MHz 3. No. of RF bearers : 124 4. Access Method : TDMA/FDMA 5. Tweak Method: GMSK 6. Adjustment information rate: 270. 833 Kbps ADVANTAGES OF GSM: 1. GSM utilizes radio frequencies productively and because of the computerized radio way the framework endures progressively intercellular aggravations. 2. The normal nature of discourse accomplished is better than in existing simple frameworks. 3. Information transmission is bolstered all through the framework. 4. Discourse is encoded and supporter data security is ensured. . Because of the ISDN similarity, new administrations are offered contrasted with simple frameworks. 6. Worldwide meandering is in fact conceivable inside all the nations concerned. 7. The enormous market toughens the opposition and brings down the costs both for speculations and uses. GSM SPECIFICATIONS The primary thought behind the GSM particulars is to char acterize a few open interfaces which at that point are restricting sure pieces of the GSM framework. Due to this interface, receptiveness the administrator keeping up the system may get various pieces of the system from various GSM arrange providers. Likewise when an interface is open it characterizes carefully what's going on through the interface and this thus carefully characterizes what sort of activities/systems/capacities should ne executed between the interfaces. STRUCTURE OF GSM: [pic] GSM Specifications: Before taking a gander at the GSM details, it is imperative to comprehend the accompanying fundamental terms: * Bandwidth â€the scope of a channel's restricts; the more extensive the transmission capacity, the quicker information can be sent * Bits every second (bps) â€a single on-off beat of information; eight bits are identical to one byte * Frequency â€the number of cycles per unit of time; recurrence is estimated in hertz (Hz) Kilo (k) â€kilo is the assignment for 1,000; the shortening kbps speaks to 1,000 bits for each second * Megahertz (MHz) â€1,000,000 hertz (cycles every second) * Milliseconds (ms) â€one-thousandth of a second * Watt (W) â€a proportion of intensity of a transmitter Specifica tions for various individual correspondence administrations (PCS) frameworks fluctuate among the various PCS systems. Recorded underneath is a depiction of the details and attributes for GSM. * Frequency band †the recurrence extend indicated for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (portable station to base station). * Duplex separation â€The duplex separation is 80 MHz. Duplex separation is the separation between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz separated. * Channel partition â€The detachment between contiguous bearer frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz. * Modulation â€Modulation is the way toward imparting a sign by changing the qualities of a transporter recurrence. This is done in GSM by means of Gaussian least move keying (GMSK). * Transmission rate â€GSM is a computerized framework with an over-the-air bit pace of 270 kbps. * Access strategy â€GSM uses the time division various access (TDMA) idea. TDMA is a procedure where a few distinct calls may have a similar transporter. Each call is doled out a specific schedule vacancy. * Speech coder â€GSM utilizes straight prescient coding (LPC). The reason for LPC is to decrease the bit rate. The LPC gives parameters to a channel that mirrors the vocal tract. The sign goes through this channel, deserting a leftover sign. Discourse is encoded at 13 kbps. GSM Subscriber Services There are two fundamental sorts of administrations offered through GSM: communication (likewise alluded to as tele administrations) and information (additionally alluded to as carrier administrations). Communication administrations are essentially voice benefits that furnish endorsers with the total ability (counting vital terminal hardware) to speak with different supporters. Information administrations give the limit important to transmit suitable information flags between two passages making an interface to the system. Notwithstanding typical communication and crisis calling, the accompanying endorser administrations are upheld by GSM: * Dual-tone multi-recurrence (DTMF) â€DTMF is a tone flagging plan frequently utilized for different control purposes by means of the phone organize, for example, remote control of a replying mail. GSM bolsters full-beginning DTMF. * Facsimile bunch III â€GSM bolsters CCITT Group 3 copy. As standard fax machines are intended to be associated with a phone utilizing simple signals, an extraordinary fax converter associated with the trade is utilized in the GSM framework. This empowers a GSMâ€connected fax to speak with any simple fax in the system. * Short message administrations â€A helpful office of the GSM arrange is the short message administration. A message comprising of a limit of 160 alphanumeric characters can be sent to or from a versatile station. This administration can be seen as a propelled type of alphanumeric paging with various points of interest. On the off chance that the supporter's portable unit is controlled off or has left the inclusion zone, the message is put away and offered back to the endorser when the versatile is fueled on or has reappeared the inclusion region of the system. This capacity guarantees that the message will be gotten. * Cell communicate â€A variety of the short message administration is the cell communicated office. A message of a limit of 93 characters can be communicated to every versatile supporter in a specific geographic territory. Run of the mill applications incorporate traffic blockage alerts and reports on mishaps. * Voice mail â€This administration is really a replying mail inside the system, which is constrained by the supporter. Calls can be sent to the endorser's phone message box and the supporter checks for messages by means of an individual security code. * Fax mail â€With this administration, the endorser can get fax messages at any fax machine. The messages are put away in an assistance place from which they can be recovered by the endorser by means of an individual security code to the ideal fax number. Strengthening Services GSM underpins a complete arrangement of valuable administrations that can supplement and bolster both communication and information administrations. Valuable administrations are characterized by GSM and are portrayed as income creating highlights. An incomplete posting of beneficial administrations follows. * Call sending â€This administration enables the endorser of forward approaching calls to another number if the called portable unit isn't reachable, on the off chance that it is occupied, if there is no answer, or if call sending is permitted genuinely. Notwithstanding of active calls â€This administration makes it feasible for a versatile endorser of forestall every single active call. * Barring of approaching calls â€This work permits the supporter of forestall approaching calls. The accompanying two conditions for approaching call notwithstanding exist: exposing of every approaching call and excepting of approaching calls while wandering outside the home PLMN. * Advice of charge (AOC) â€The AOC administration gives the portable supporter a gauge of the call charges. There are two sorts of AOC data: one that gives the supporter a gauge of the bill and one that can be utilized for prompt charging purposes. AOC for information calls is given based on time estimations. * Call hold â€This administration empowers the endorser of interfere with a continuous call and afterward accordingly restore the call. The call hold administration is just pertinent to ordinary communication. * Call holding up â€This administration empowers the versatile endorser of be told of an approaching call during a discussion. The endorser can reply, dismiss, or disregard the approaching call. Call holding up is appropriate to all GSM media communications administrations utilizing a circuit-exchanged association. Multiparty administration â€The multiparty administration empowers a versatile supporter of set up a multiparty conversationâ€that is, a concurrent discussion somewhere in the range of three and six endorsers. This administration is just material to ordinary communication. * Calling line recognizable proof introduction/limitation â€These administrations gracefully the called party with the i ncorporated administrations computerized arrange (ISDN) number of the calling party. The limitation administration empowers the calling gathering to confine the introduction. The limitation abrogates the introduction. * Closed client gatherings (CUGs) â€CUGs are commonly similar to a PBX. They are a gathering of supporters who are prepared to do just calling themselves and certain numbers. AIR INTERFACE In cell phone interchanges, the air interface is the radio-recurrence part of the circuit between the PDA set or remote modem (normally compact or portable) and the dynamic base station. As a supporter moves starting with one cell then onto the next in the framework, the dynamic base station changes intermittently. Every changeover is known as a handoff. A cell association is just in the same class as its most fragile connection, which is quite often the air interface. Radio-recurrence (RF) circuits are dependent upon numerous factors that influence signal quality. Components that can cause issues include: * Use of the handheld telephone set or compact remote modem inside structures, vehicles, transports, trucks, or prepares * Proximity to human-made, steel-outline obstacles, particularly enormous structures and interstate bridges * Abundance of utility wires that can reflect radio signs or potentially create clamor tha

Bail What Are Your Options

Bail What Are Your Options Bail: What Are Your Options? Bail: What Are Your Options?Making bail while you await trial could be the difference between simply going to court and losing your job, your house, or even more.If you’re reading this you’re either just some sort of “bail option enthusiast” or you’re in a less than ideal situation and are looking for some help. In the United States you’re technically innocent until proven guiltyâ€"but in reality, people are currently being held in prison without having been convicted of anything.“It isnt just ‘possible’ for somebody to be held pending trial because he or she cannot afford the bail,” warned Florida criminal defense attorney Michael Dye. “It is happening every day in most, if not all, jurisdictions. It isnt an abstract concept.”Yes, depressingly, our justice system has its own modern spin on debtors’ prisons. So what are your options if you can’t afford to pay your bail or the bail of a friend or family member?Bail basics.The stated purpose of bail seems re asonable enough. Theoretically, it provides a guarantee that someone will show up for trial without requiring that person be held in prison until the trial date. In reality, it can create a tiered justice system where poor people are held in prison until their trial date.“The purpose of bail is to ensure an individual’s presence at trial,” explained Dye. “Nothing more, nothing less. There is a presumption of non-monetary release unless the defendant is being held for a ‘dangerous crime.’ Dangerous crime is defined by statute.“There are certain criminal charges that come with a ‘preset’ bond. It is known as a ‘courtesy bond.’ For example, in Broward County, the bond on a first DUI with no accident and no aggravating factors is $500. Once you are arrested and booked, you can pay the $500 and be released before even seeing a judge.”And if you can’t pay that $500?Ask for a lesser amount.Judges tend to have a decent amount of leeway when it comes to setting bail . You may end up stuck with a strict judge, but it doesn’t hurt to ask.“If you cannot make the $500 bond, you can request a lesser amount at the first appearance which is almost always held within 24 hours of the arrest,” advised Dye. “The judge at the first appearance can reduce it or leave it the same. For criminal charges without a courtesy bond, the judge determines the bond at the first appearance.”Try to get a signature bond.You may be able to get a judge to agree to let you avoid jail before trial without paying bail entirely. It might not be likely, but why not give it a try?“Bail is basically an assurance to the judge that you’ll show up for your court dates,” reiterated New Orleans criminal defense attorney Lance J. Robinson. “If you and your attorney sit down with the judge and convince them that you will, without a doubt, show up to your court dates and that you’re not a threat to yourself or the community, you can be granted a signature bond. This bo nd is granted by the judge and will require no payment, although it is arguably the most difficult to attain.”Get a regular bond.Bail bonds are loans that are used to pay bail. However, much like any other loan, if you don’t have good credit or know someone who does and will be able to sign off for you, it might be difficult to get a bond.“I operate in the bail bonds industry where we help individuals bail out their loved ones,” recounted Adi Dzebic, owner of Bail Bonds Network. “Many come to us looking for bail or a loan and hope to avoid a credit check. Some of our bail bondsmen offer bonds with no credit checks as an incentive to drive business, but it definitely presents risks.“As bondsmen, we definitely want to protect ourselves in cases where we offer a bailout without a credit check. This means extra rules for the person being released from jail such as drug testing, frequent check-ins at our office, an ankle monitoring device, and other measures to ensure the per son doesnt skip bail (e.g. run off without attending their court cases).“All in all, yes, we sometimes offer no credit check loans but we often try to cover ourselves to account for this extra risk.”See if you can put up collateral.In addition to the aforementioned terms a bondsman could put on you, you might be able to put up collateral if you can’t get a bond otherwise.“Most states will also allow you, a friend, or family member to put up property as collateral,” offered Dzebic. “Obtaining a bail emergency loan is sometimes not possible since lenders deny high-risk, low income individuals especially if you don’t have a job or any money saved up. Bail bond lenders simply can’t take the risk if you appear like you can’t make your payments.Having someone in your circle with property or other assets can help. If you don’t have a person that will vouch for you financially, you may want to explore pawning off any valuables or obtaining a loan using your car title or other assets.”See what your lawyer can work out.As anyone who has ever been arrested or watched an episode of Law Order knows, you have the right to an attorney. However, much like your right not to be imprisoned without conviction, the reality of your right to an attorney can have a lot to do with your ability to afford one.Yes, there are public defenders for those who can’t afford attorneys, but their offices tend to be understaffed and underfunded, leading to one defender loaded down with more clients than they can provide a robust defense for.But to whatever extent you have access to an attorney, you can tell them about your situation and they can advocate on your behalf.“Im a criminal defense attorney and criminal justice professor, as well as a former prosecutor,” recounted Matt Pinsker who teaches law at Virginia Commonwealth University (@VCUWilderSchool). “When I have a client who cannot afford a bond, I schedule a bond hearing to get in front of a judge to (among other things) ask that the amount of money for bond be released or an alternative to a cash bond.Alternatives to a cash bond include more supervision while released, release to a third party custodian, house arrest with monitoring, GPS bracelet.“If there are no circumstances where a judge will set a bond or other conditions for release that my client can do, I try to advance the court date to get the matter adjudicated as soon as possible, or strike a plea agreement with the prosecutor to get the case closed.With the latter option, it is a strong case for reforming our bond system because there is the danger that persons who are innocent will plead guilty to charges that are ultimately beatable so that they can be released.”Charitable funds.If you have nowhere else to turn, you may be able to use a charitable bail fund. Or try and reach out to charitable people in your extended social circle.“We recommend looking at bail funds to sponsor you and cover your 10% bail bond fee a t no charge,” began Dzebic, “but charitable bail funds are limited to certain states, although more are introduced on a regular basis.Another option is to borrow money from friends and family unless you are ready to enter into high-interest loans. Many states are now lowering the bail amount set for those in low income households to prevent discrimination and unfair challenges.”Unfortunately, whether or not you can pay bail can have impacts even beyond whether you spend the time until your trial in jail. As Pinsker alluded to, even if someone has not actually committed a crime, they may feel pushed into pleading guilty if it means they won’t have to sit in a cell.“The issue for the consumer who is locked up in jail and cant find the money for a bail out,” laid out Dzebic, “is 90% are likely to plead guilty vs only 40 percent pleading guilty if they can afford a loan to get out. Without financing for a bail bond, people spend 15 days on average in jail. That’s enough time to be expelled from school or lose your job.It’s an unfair disadvantage for people to not have the financial options to release their loved one from jail. Most lenders will require you to have a job, bank account, and be at least 21 years of age for a loan.”Many activists are pushing to make the system better, and they’ve been making some progress. In the meantime, however, we hope this advice can help you or a friend or relative if it’s ever needed. Though we hope it’s not needed!To learn more planning for less-than-ideal scenarios, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Financially Plan for DeathSo Your Identity’s Been Stolen … Now What?Emergencies and Divorce: How to Plan For Worst-Case ScenariosEmergency Funds Are Important: Here’s How to Start Building OneDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsMichael Dye has substantial exp erience taking both misdemeanor and felony cases to trial. Mr. Dye has tried cases including, but not limited to, DUI, possession of a controlled substance, driving on a suspended license, leaving the scene of an accident with injury, possession of drug paraphernalia, capital sexual battery, armed robbery, kidnapping, and many other serious criminal matters. Mr. Dye has also been successful in getting cases dismissed or reduced using various pretrial motions.Adi Dzebic is owner of Bail Bonds Network  and other online assets in the finance and education sector. Dzebic is an MBA with a background in marketing, entrepreneurship, and finance. Bail Bonds Network looks to bridge consumers with bail bondsmen to offer options and education on how to secure bail bonds and other financial services.Matt C. Pinsker is a former state and federal prosecutor who currently practices law as a civilian criminal defense attorney and a Judge Advocate in the US Army Reserves, while also teaching crimina l justice as a professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (@VCUWilderSchool).Lance J. Robinson is a dedicated New Orleans criminal defense attorney with over 22 years of experience. He has defended over 2,400 local and out-of-town clients and is recognized among the Top 100 Trial Lawyers by the National Trial Lawyers. He received his law degree in 1996 at Tulane University School of Law and went on to work for the Louisiana State Attorney General’s Office and a large personal injury firm. In 1999, he started his own law firm as a sole practitioner, where he provides clients with individualized attention and the legal representation that works best for them.

The Juvenile Justice System - Free Essay Example

Should criminal acts by youths be given the same weight as those committed by adults, or should they be seen as mistakes that can be corrected by care and counseling? (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 502) A juvenile delinquent is defined as minors, usually defined as being between the ages of 10 and 18, who have committed some act that violates the law. These acts arent called crimes as they would be for adults. Rather, crimes committed by minors are called delinquent acts . The juvenile system goes through the course of rehabilitation, punishment, treatment, and custody. Many believe juveniles commit these delinquent acts due to exposure to social problems such as violence, racism, poverty, and culture. In the nineteenth century, all juvenile delinquents were tried as adult offenders. Today, adult offenders and juvenile offenders are tried under separate courts, with separate standards. In a 2003 poll, almost sixty percent of Americans indicated that they favored trying violent youths in adult criminal courts instead of juvenile courts. (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 503) Within the United States juvenile courts, it depends on which state a juvenile resides in to determine what the minimum age is that they would be tried as an adult offender. For instance, in Utah, the minimum age is 14-15 years old, which is among the eldest in the country. In Arizona, there is no age minimum to which a juvenile can be tried as an adult. Today, Juveniles do not possess the same constitutional rights when charged with a crime as adults do. Such as, they do not have the right to a jury trial, but they do obtain the right to probable cause needed to search a minor. The objective of this is give focus to th e juvenile, not the crime. Criminal behavior is defined as a behavior under violation of governmental laws that are punishable by law. Juvenile criminal behavior includes carrying weapons, participating in physical fights, driving under the influence, stealing, vandalism, etc. Research leads people to believe that by the age of fourteen, people have the same mental ability to make the adequate decisions adults (those eighteen and older) make. Essentially, distinguishing what is right and what is wrong. Although, the human brain does not stop developing until approximately the age of 25. This being so, people under this age do not have the same thinking process as people 25 and older. Which could result in poor decision making. This does not mean that they should not be punished for making poor decisions, but that the standards should be different for the different age groups. The american juvenile system strives to control and prevent misbehavior and serious acts committed by minors. The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) compiles official data on crime in the United States, published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). According to the UCR in 2010, juveniles accounted for 13.7 percent of violent crime arrests, and 12.6 percent of general criminal arrests. To break it down by category of crime, juveniles were responsible for 9 percent of all murder arrests, 11 percent of all aggravated assault arrests, 14 percent of all forcible rapes, 20 percent of all weapon arrests, 24 percent of all robbery arrests, 23 percent of all Part 1 property crimes, and 10 percent of all drug offenses. (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 509) There are many strategies to prevent juvenile delinquency. Such as school and community based programs like the D.A.R.E and neighborhood watch programs. There is a track system the juvenile justice system must follow. The track system first goes through a referral from either a non law enforcement source or a law enforcement source. The referral leads to the intake which can result in detention, being diverted from the juvenile justice system, waiver to the adult court, or it can go into formal processing. When it gets to formal processing, it will either get a waiver into the adult court, or it will flow into adjudication. Once it hits adjunction, the defendant will either be found guilty or not guilty. If the defendant is guilty, they will either face the consequence of probation supervision, or secure or nonsecure confinement. Police have stronger authority to juveniles than adults because they have the ability to take youths into custody for status offenses. Status offenses are offenses only prohibited by minors such as violating curfew. Risk factors are any attributes, characteristics or exposures of an individual that increases the likelihood of an event or action. There are four risk factors that are used to explain juvenile delinquent behavior. The factors are age, substance abuse, family issues, and gangs. One way age is correlated with juvenile delinquent behavior is the older a person is, the less likely he or she will exhibit criminal behavior. (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 514) People tend to commit less criminal activity the older they get because we go through events such as marriage and career which tends to mature us and decline interest in criminal behavior. Substance abuse is correlated with juvenile criminal behavior by increasing the probability of violent acts, sexual behavior, health decline, and academic failure. The major criminal behavior caused by substance abuse by a juvenile is driving under the influence. Driving under the influence causes death to nearly 2,500 minors each year. Family issues correspond to juvenile offending behavior by a lack of a parental role model, parental and/or sibling drug abuse, poverty, deprevations (food, shelter, etc), parental/sibling gang relations, etc. Child abuse is defined as mistreatment of children by causing physical, emotional, or sexual damage without any plausible explanation, such as an accident. (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 515) Youths who suffer from child abuse or neglect are at a greater risk for committing criminal acts. Gangs commit delinquency by forming a group with a special shared characteristic to engage in criminal activity together to benefit the group. Youth gang is defined as a self formed group of youths with several identifiable characteristics, including a gang name, and other recognizable symbols, a geographic territory, and participation in illegal activities. (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 515) Gangs have been in the United States since around 1780 and there are still currently around 20,000 gangs throughout the country today. Gang population tends to correlate with juvenile delinquency population. The areas with the highest populations of gangs tend to be in Chicago and Los Angeles, which also happen to be among the highest juvenile criminal behavior populations. Diversity is having different forms of things pertaining to a specific idea. Although there tends to be trends in age, gender, race, and ethnicity, there is diversity throughout juvenile delinquency. For instance, the average gang member is seventeen to eighteen years old. Within the United States, approximately 49 percent of gang members are hispanic, 35 percent are african american, 9 percent are white, and 7 percent belong to other racial and ethnic backgrounds. (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 516) In conclusion, the juvenile justice system must hold a standard of Parens Patriae. Parens Patriae is defined as a doctrine that allows the state to step in and serve as a guardian for children, the mentally ill, the incompetent, the elderly, or disabled persons who are unable to care for themselves. An example of this is how a judge has power to change custody of a child. When children are put through something as custody of the state, they are more likely to be a participant in juvenile delinquency. Other circumstances that influence juvenile delinquency is exposure to violence, racism, poverty, and culturalism. As a juvenile delinquent goes through the justice system they will experience punishment as well as rehabilitation. The ultimate goal of the American Juvenile Justice System is to ensure public safety, skill development, habilitation, rehabilitation, address treatment needs, and reintegration of youth into the community.

Why United States Invades Iraq - 1521 Words

First of all , the paper first way is going to expound about why United States invades Iraq in 2003 for serveral reasons as illustrates: first of all, since United States want to implement the economic sanction to Iraq, they start to invade the Iraq in 2003 and also occupied the Iraqi capital of Baghdad. To be specific, according to research information is clearly shown that due to the Gulf War, the United Nations asked Iraq to stop all chemical and biological weapons because they are worried that it will bring negative influence to the citizen, society and the world. For example, it is being showing by â€Å"The United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) performed inspections in Iraq to make sure that the conditions of the peace agreement that followed the first Gulf War were carried out.† (Jakobsen NTNU, n.d.). Secondly, through the research shows that United States in order to take the military sanctions to against Iraq, Washington s own one-side to take-no-fly zones in the northern and the southern of Iraq. At the same time, the research states that after the first Gulf War, the President George W. Bush and President Bill Clinton signed an agreement which is a legally effective power of attorney in order to overthrow and dismantle Saddam Hussein s regime and preventing Saddam s military coup. Not only does it prevent Saddam s military coup, but also it can take effective means for the Iraqi military. In addition, according to JHSS article claims that UnitedShow MoreRelatedThe Representation Of The Government Politics Model Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s decision to invade Iraq and overthrow Saddam Hussein in 2003, only one model sufficiently explains the decision. The Rational Actor Model only evaluates the nation’s actions as one entity and does not look at any of the organizational or individual behaviors that contributed to the decision. On the other hand, the Organizational Behavior Model explores the processes that sup ported the war’s justification and developed the military’s recommendation, but does not explain why the administrationRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On The Iraq War887 Words   |  4 PagesHistory Annotated Bibliographies Britannica Editors. â€Å"Iraq War†. britannica.com, https://www.britannica.com/event/Iraq-War. Britannica, 2004. Information is revised and edited to be accurate. Britannica is a reliable website. Sources used are both primary and secondary. No knowledge needed to read this article. Great place to start. Covers most aspects of the Invasion of iraq and the iraq War in 2003. Written chronologically. Bruhns, John. â€Å"Iraq 10 Years Later: Participating in My Generation’s MostRead MoreTerrorism Between Iraq And The United States Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages After the gulf wars, a ceasefire was negotiated between the United Nations coalition and Iraq. During the ceasefire, the United Nations became aware that Iraq had started a biological warfare program in the 1980s, as well as a chemical warfare program. Upon further investigation, they found that these programs had not continued after the war. As a result, the United States main focus moving forward was the removal of the Saddam regime, their official foreign policy for years to come focused on thisRead MoreThe Reason Of United States Invades Iraq1607 Words   |  7 Pages# 1 the reason of United States invades Iraq First of all , the first step is going to talk about why United States invades Iraq in 2003. for serveral reasons as illustrates: First of all, due to implementing the economic sanction, the United States invasion of Iraq was in 2003 and the United States also occupied the Iraqi capital of Baghdad. To be specific, according to research it is showing that referring to the Gulf War, the United Nations asked Iraq to abandon all chemical and biologicalRead MoreThe War Of The United States1639 Words   |  7 PagesHonors P.6 9 February 2015 Iraq War The United States has intervened in many countries throughout history. Some countries became better off with the help that was given by the United States, while other countries stayed static, or became even worse. The war with Iraq is a great example of the horrors that the United States can create when she decides to mess with other countries. America thought that she knew what was best for Iraq, but America was wrong. The United States should not have gottenRead MoreThe United States Invasion Of Iraq1683 Words   |  7 PagesThe Economic Surprise On March 20, 2003 the United States entered into a conflict on two fronts. While the United States military was moving into Iraq, the American economy was taking the first assault of a long and expensive fight. Victory was declared several years ago, and many are content to leave the story at that point. Advocates of the war have hailed its expediency and relatively minimal cost to the United States and its allies. The facts support a different conclusion. The truth lies inRead MoreThe Democratic Peace Theory : Political And Cultural Similarity And Limits Of Democracy1456 Words   |  6 Pagesdispute. rested on these factors, democratic countries could sustain the so-called peaceful state. In contrast, this peaceful state would not exist between non-democratic countries. the reasons why democratic countries can keep the peace cause. (1) Democratic Norms and Cultures.In Common, the so-called normative interpretation (Normative Explanations). The explanation considers that the reason for why democracies don t war, mainly because of the democratic countries have similar culture and valuesRead MoreThe Debate Over The U.s. Invasion Of Iraq1165 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Debate over the U.S. invasion of Iraq continues to foment dissension among international relation theorists. While the invasion can be evaluated through different IR theories, majority suggest the invasion can be assessed through two popular IR theories: Realism and Marxism. Also, I found another useful theory, which will fit in the case if this invasion is security dilemma. There is always controversial among international politics scholars, which discussed the theories that wereRead MoreThe Bush Doctrine and the Iraq War: Neoconservatives vs. Realists - Review1256 Words   |  6 PagesI intend to review â€Å"The Bush Doctrine and the Iraq War: Neoconservatives vs. Realists† by Brian C. Schmidt and Michael C. Williams. The reason for choosing this article for review is simply because of its relevance today throughout the Middle East and how the American foreign policy is drastically changing the dynamics of the world. Schmidt and Williams use the elements of the neoconservative Bush Doctrine to show the direct contrast between realists and neoconservatives. The authors use the BushRead MoreWars Throughout Our History and Our World Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pageswith the statement of the definition of war, the Just War Theory also includes theories such as Jus ad bellum, Jus in Bello, and Jus post bellum. All of these state that there are specific ways to declare war on another country, or countries. Although, each country has its own guidelines as to when a war is just or unjust; for the United States, we have a set of rules and regulations that we must follow. There are also rules that the soldiers have to follow; these are called rules of engagement. These

A Federal Policy Directive - 875 Words

After the initial DACA in 2012 there had not been any major immigration law changed or passed. DACA â€Å"a federal policy directive announced on June 15, 2012, has created new opportunities for about 1.9 million undocumented youth who came to the United States before the age of 16, have lived in the United States continuously fro at least five years, and have graduated from high school or obtained a GED† (ef4c.org, May 1, 2015). On February 16, 2015 Texas District Court Judge Andrew Hanen who put a ruling on a lawsuit supported by 26 states issued an injunction to delay the executive action set to be implemented on February, 18 2015. United We Dream is confident once the lawsuit reaches higher courts it will be turned down because it does not hold grounds. This action was much supported by the United We Dream not only because it further expanded DACA, which affects DREAMers, but it also positively impacts many parents, though not all. DREAMers were not completely satisfied by the executive action because it excluded most of their parents form DAPA (United We Dream, May 1 2015). President Obama’s action was not a simple measure he decided to take on his own, but based off of political pressures United We Dream and other organizations like CHIRLA have put of the Obama administration. During Obama’s detecting and deporting undocumented immigrants through Secure Communities, the DREAMers used political collectiveness to demonstrate against such anti immigrant policies. First,Show MoreRelatedElectronic Mail Acceptable Use Policy1054 Words   |  5 Pagesrequiring the Federal Trade Commission to issue regulations defining the relevant criteria to facilitate the determination of the primary purpose of an electronic mail message, specifically commercial electronic mail messages. An electronic mail acceptable use policy is a document stipulating constraints and practices that users must agree to and comply with when accessing and using the organi zation’s network system and electronic mail servers. The electronic mail acceptable use policy is a componentRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Supplies A National Protection Plan1528 Words   |  7 Pagesto the plan, risk mitigation is then moved into the realm of best practices and policy. The National Plan references PPD-21, Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience, issued in February of 2013. This directive is the explicit call for the National Plan. Also issued was Executive Order 13636: Critical infrastructure Cybersecurity that calls for the coordination between critical infrastructure owners and the Federal Government. 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According to members of the integration, implementing of competition policy is equally important as liberalize trade. Both unions are federations, but they differ on the status and impact. The concept of regional economic integration implies that countries in the geographical areas agreed with a number of cooperation formsRead MorePrevention And Training Program Of The Memphis Va Medical Center1090 Words   |  5 PagesPURPOSE: This document establishes policy and responsibilities for the Awareness and Training of the MVAMC information and information systems contained at this facility. The Awareness and Training program of the Memphis VA Medical Center (MVAMC) is designed to protect all Information Technology (IT), systems, information, and telecommunications resources from unauthorized access, disclosure, modification, destruction, or misuse. 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Drug Policy Critique Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesU.S. Drug Policy Critique Drug Policy in the United States began under the Presidency of Richard M. Nixon, who launched the â€Å"War on Drugs† and oversaw the creation of the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). The sole purpose of both initiatives was to combat the copious amounts of drugs flowing out of our borders. Then First Lady Nancy Reagan, who will go down in history as the greatest First Lady of All Time, launched â€Å"Just Say No†. A campaign aimed towards the youth to refuse the vices of drug and alcoholRead MorePresidential Control over the Bureaucracy628 Words   |  3 Pagesdirection of the administration. Giving directives to an agency of exactly what it needs to accomplish. Reorganizing federal departments. Changing discretionary spending. Using the Office of Budget Management to analyze and make suggestions on the budget that can be used by the president to provide support or to take away support from certain agencies (Harrison 416-38). While the President can nominate or directly appoint people to some positions, in reality the federal bureaucracy consists of about three

Conflict Is Essential For Organisational Success . In This

Conflict is essential for organisational success In this current era of modernization and development, there is a serious economic war between firms of different sizes. Many firms have capabilities to success in the market and maintain their position for a very long period of time. Such firms that keep the hold of the market deals with the organisational conflicts effectively and efficiently (1). It is obvious that one can find different nature of people in a workplace and thus causing conflicts. Many researchers and scholars have mentioned that organisational conflict is unavoidable and it is the duty of managers and leaders to manage the conflict to achieve remarkable success and to stand out in the market. As it is clearly noticed†¦show more content†¦In addition, another main cause of organisational conflict is the ambition and enthusiasm of different individuals. Each individual has his or her own way of achieving goals and get the self-motivation by taking different decisions. It is very rare that in a firm a group o f individuals completely agree with another group without presenting their own point of view or thinking. Such behaviour of individuals at some point create conflicts, which if not resolved or managed at the right time or in a right way will affect the success of an organisation. Moreover, workplace conflict can also be divided into two different types, firstly, it arises when people take some decisions or actions that are more focused to their jobs and they are in opposition. Second scenario will be when two different type or nature of employee don’t get along. This second category if not resolved at the beginning of conflict it can sometime become clash and thus become very challenging for the management to address. In a workplace conflict has both a positive and negative effect on the success of an organisation. Positive impact of conflict includes new born creativity, new change to replace old conditions, ability to represent unique and diverse point of view and removing interpersonal differences that can help in enhancement of individual capabilities. It can cause a negative effect when a firm doesn’tShow MoreRelatedEssay on Human Resource Development1689 Words   |  7 Pagesachieving SHRM organizational outcomes. Introduction Learning and development in the context of organizational development is having an essential role in achieving strategic human resourcing outcome. From attraction and retention, to development and utilisation of human capital, Human Resource Development (HRD) is the centre of strategic focus in HRM. This essay aims to present and discuss a strategic model of HRD activities in organisations. 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From attraction and retention, to development and utilisation of human capital, Human Resource Development (HRD) is the centre of strategic focus in HRM. This essay aims to present and discuss a strategic model of HRD activities in organisations. Definition of Human Resource Development HumanRead MoreWhy The Behavioral Theory Is Better For Success Of Teams1632 Words   |  7 PagesSuccess often stems from an optimal combination between planning and performing. When it comes to teams it is often fastidious to determine this combination as the execution and accountability of the task is not set. Therefore it is not surprising that many research projects are directed to finding out the dynamics of a team as it is unhesitatingly accepted that teams are critical in an organization’s success. Many believe that the evolvement of management thought, especially the scientific managementRead MoreTo What Extent Can Organisational Culture Be Managed? 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Essay about Lion and the Fox Metaphor in Machiavellis The...

Niccolà ² di Bernardo dei Machiavelli, The archetype man for politics in history. He was born on May 1469 and died June 1527. He is an Italian philosopher, thinker and writer. He was considered by many as one of the origin founders of political science in modern age. He was a diplomatic person, besides being a political philosopher, and musician. In Florentine Republic he used to be a civil servant. Then In 1498, he was elected as Secretary to the second Chancery of the Republic of Florence by the Great council. When I hear Renaissance, directly Leonardo Da Vinci comes up to my mind, as well as Machiavelli. He is known as an Icon of the Renaissance Man. He is most known for a political booklet The Prince; it is written on 1513, but not†¦show more content†¦Histories have seen many of those gigantic powers who have no mercy on human being, people who used the concept of Machiavelli. Our brain is not a machine and working with food, water and air, they are not all the same. E ach one is created in a way genetically and the initializes of someone’s life integrated. Thinking about and expressing meaning for the existences around is I different, so as this is happens, each one takes the prince’s ideology in their way. And I think most of who used it, beginning from the dictators and democratic reached a way, but for some lost the track and reached a dead-end, and for some reached the evaluation of their acts. According to the theory, every prince needs to be a lion for awhile, until he plants the fear seeds in them, and then he needs the fox to take care of the undertaking probabilities of reaching a wanted goal. The fact that many have denied it is to be fearful and lion like characteristics. But for the prince this is a theratere and shows the impression to the audience, until some of them lives and just the people stays who wanted to be there before the show starts. Now there must another way to get into those audiences mind and convince them with the conspiracy win it all. There is a limit where both sides of us meet, that would be turning point for some of us, or it can be the subliminal pivot where both personalities meet and fight against the outside world of self body territory. In the modern world the warfare andShow MoreRelatedMachiavelli The Prince Analysis873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the prince, Machiavelli explores a world of governments and presents the many different ways in which a ruler must adapt in order to run an efficient government. Machiavelli provides a number of applications in which a ruler can acquire and maintain the leading position of a government. While many of these applications are just and moral, there is no denying that some of the Machiavelli’s tactics are cruel and immoral. However, as we advance deep into the meaning behind Machiavelli’s choice ofRead MoreFortune And Power In Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince1901 Words   |  8 PagesPaper: Fortune and Power in The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli Niccolo Machiavelli wrote the novel, The Prince, which was meant as a gift to Lorenzo de Medici, a ruling member of the Medici family (Machiavelli, 1998). The novel addresses politics, but more over managerial skills on how a prince should rule his state. Machiavelli goes on to describe ways in which are best practices for a prince to rule and continue to be in power by using historical examples and using metaphors to authenticate his advicesRead MoreVladimir Putin and Machiavellis The Prince2685 Words   |  11 Pagesin Niccolà ² Machiavelli’s famous advisory book for rulers The Prince. Despite the fact that The Prince was first published in 1532 it is still relevant today, especially in analyzing the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia. Putin’s leadership style and actions make him a modern day Machiavellian prince. Many of the actions and polices taken by Putin are distinctly Machiavellian in nature. Putin’s foreign policy and behavior on the international sta ge parallels the key ideas of The Prince. Putin has

Upenn Supplement Essay Samples Help!

Upenn Supplement Essay Samples Help! The easiest way to think about a contribution, for the aims of this prompt, is to concentrate on ways your artist innovated, challenged or changed norms, or supported a continuing effort. Demonstrated interest is essential in the modern competitive admissions scene to stick out from the remainder of the pack. Of course, when you've conveyed a strong interest in one specific component of theater in another portion of your application, it may make sense to pick an artist who fits that interest. Therefore, make an effort not to neglect the world element of this prompt. If you're excited about going to school in nyc, make certain that you have a really specific reason that likewise ties to Columbia's opportunities. The strategic location of the University of Pennsylvania has made it simple for the institution to draw and retain fantastic professors. Unshockingly, given that Stanford has turned into the most difficult university to acquire into in the nation, this supplement is a doozie. Furthermore, University of Michigan's research program, one of the very best in the usa, will permit me to make discoveries and contributions as an undergraduate student. You can and ought to mention the specific school to which you're applying. The program also appears to have a vibrant undergrad community that you're able to write about. Maybe there's an internship or specific program that you just have access to through Columbia. Talk about research opportunities outside class. Demonstrating your understanding of the opportunities which make Penn unique is critical to completing UPenn's supplemental essay. There are lots of elements which make up a successful University of Pennsylvania application essay. There's no guarantee you will get into one, which means you need your general admissions essay to stand alone. A standard result can create a weak supplemental essay. To purchase essay online, you merely will need to fill in the application form and you'll get excellent work on the desired topic. He's produced a framework of things he would like you to think about as you compose an application essay. One of the absolute most important things to consider about this supplement, much like all supplements that lob a plethora of essays and short answer questions at you, is that every response is a chance to reveal something new about yourself to admissions. You must make the essay school-specific. If you believe the essay here is interesting, have a look at a few of the others. You will need to answer each essay prompt strongly if you'd like to get admitted to Columbia. As you write your very own supplemental essays, make sure to prevent common supplemental essay mistakes. Many schools request that you write about things you read, mentioning books more frequently than magazines. A financial course at the tenth grade is an excellent eye opener within the field of finance and management disciplines. Inside my experience, Quakers are genuinely delighted to respond to your questions whenever you have a shared interest. By way of example, I am thinking about a major in history, and am really interested in the mix of geographic and thematic regions of study provided by Duke's history program. AdmitSee has the greatest database of successful college application files to help you get through the admission season. Admission Essay Finance and management are disciplines that handle analysis and planning of financial resources that is an essential pillar in the growth of any nation. Saunders uses laser interferometry to analyze the growth of the middle-ear system, which is associated with the total procedure for hearing maturation and aging.

recycling plastic Essay Example For Students

recycling plastic Essay Plastics are durable, lightweight materials that were invented in 1909. They are normally made from oil and natural gas. Using plastics to replace packaging materials such as metal and glass has allowed manufacturers to make packages that are more efficient. For example to bottle eight gallons of a beverage would take only two pounds of plastic but would take three pounds of aluminum, eight pounds of steel and 27 pounds of glass. The light weight of plastic packaging helps reduce transportation costs. It takes fewer trucks to transport plastic compared to metal or other materials. Fewer trucks mean less fuel usage and therefore less air pollution from truck exhaust. recycling plastic Essay containers helps to conserve landfill space and natural resources and to cut down on pollution. Since the number of landfills continues to diminish, keeping plastic containers out of landfills is important. Plastics do not degrade in landfills. Therefore, containers you throw away will be taking up landfill space hundreds of years from now. Making plastic products from recycled plastic also reduces air and water pollution, and energy used for making plastics from raw materials. Recycled plastic is used to make products such as plastic lumber, toys, containers, carpet, fiber fill for jackets and flowerpots. There are over 1,500 products made with or packaged in recycled plastic. Such uses reduce natural resource consumption and pollution because fewer raw materials are required and less energy is needed to make recycled plastic products than to make plastic products entirely from raw materials. There are different kinds mixtures of resins that make thousands of types of plastics. Ink pens, car parts and plastic bags are all made from different resins. In order to recycle plastics, the different types must be kept separate. Therefore, plastic packages are coded to indicate the type of resin used to make them. The code numbers are found inside the chasing recycling arrows on the bottoms of containers. These numbers help you separate plastic containers for recycling collection or drop off. Uncoded plastics, such as plastic pipes, cannot be recycled but can be reused. Recycling is a six step process. First they must be cleaned and separated by the type of plastic and by color. The first step is the most important one in the process. Colored plastics cannot be mixed with clear plastics, and plastics with different code numbers cannot be mixed together. Mixing plastics can cause entire bales to be rejected and possibly to be sent to a landfill. They are then compacted and shipped off to the processing facility. Next they are shredded up into pieces and then melted together. Then they are molded back into new plastic products. Plastic containers must be rinsed, and lids and rings must be removed and thrown away. Removing lids and rings is critical, because they are made from different resins than the resins used to make containers. A few lids left on bottles or jugs can cause a bale of plastic to be rejected. Plastic is probably the most used prduct in world. There are thousands of different uses for plastic that are needed every single day. Every year more and more plastic products are being recycled. In 1995 Americans recycled only 9.5% of there plastics. In 1996 Americans recycled 22.1%of their plastic products. That 22. 1% was equal to 585,000 tons of plastic bottles. Today almost 64% of Americans recycle their plastic products which is over a hundred millions tons of plastics bottles. More and more people each year are getting in to the habit of recycling. Why shouldnt we, it doesnt cost us anything to take our plastic products to the recycling center. We all must do our part to save the earth while we still can. Only we can save our earth and we only have one chance at it. Critical thinking Essay Once we screw it up we can never go back. .

Creating an Entrepreneurial Spirit Through Culture free essay sample

This paper focuses on managing entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurship in the family business context. Through strategic leadership, a strong vision, mission and culture, we will study how Qian Hu Corporation Limited has transited itself from a modest family run business into a successful ornamental fish business employing 700 personnel. We will examine business management variables such as ownership, business organisation and the decision making process, and how the leadership of Kenny Yap and his management team developed a small family business into one of the world’s largest suppliers of ornamental fish. This study is based on information obtained from articles, company annual reports and existing academic journals. MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd Content 1. Company Profile 1. 1Vision 1. 2Mission Statement 2. Company Culture 2. 1Core Values 2. 2Strategic Thrusts 2. 3Culture 3. Operations 3. 1Business Model 3. 2Human Resources and Talent Management 3. 3Corporate Social Responsibility 4. Kenny Yap – The Entrepreneur 4. 1 Profile and Background 4. 2 Instilling a mindset of change 4. 3 Going Public 4. 4 Embracing Technology and Change 4. Creating an entrepreneurial culture 4. 6 Learning from mistakes 4. 7 The Business Challenges 5. Management 5. 1 Decision Making Process 6. Family Run Business 6. 1 Problems 6. 2 Solutions from Qian Hu’s Perspective 7. References and Appendices 1 MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd 1. Company Profile Qian Hu Corporation Ltd is a leading exporter of ornamental fish, contributing about 14% to Singapore’s total ornamental fish export. Together with other local farms, Singapore supplies more than 30% of the world’s aquarium fish. They have export links to more than 75 countries worldwide and the company ships about half a million fish per month from a variety of over 1,000 ornamental fish species. The company employs about 700 employees. 1. 1 Vision Qian Hu has adopted 4 vision objectives. 1. To be a world number one ornamental fish exporter, supplying 60% to 70% of world market. 2. To own the largest number of pet chain store in Asia by 2008. 3. To be the top 3 manufacturers of aquarium accessories in China by 2008. 4. To be the most profitable Dragon Fish Breeder in the region. 1. Mission Statement â€Å"To be the world biggest Ornamental Fish and Aquarium and Pet Accessories provider through innovative and Quality Products and Services. † 2. Company Culture Qian Hu is a company that is highly customer centric, and they will export its products and services to any place in the world as long as there is appropriate flight access and distribution infrastructure. The company does not distinguish between individual or retailer/wholesaler customers and they strive to maintain long-term distribution relationships, however large or minute the dealings. In all of their business dealings, Qian Hu aims for quality, timeliness, varieties, value for money and competent product knowledge. The company acknowledges that their competitive success has been due to their customer centric business and strong design capabilities, good quality, workmanship and competitive pricing. Innovative and continual improvements to their product design, breeding better arowana species and sourcing new fish species has been critical to sustaining their competitive advantage. Lastly, they recognise that leveraging on innovation and technology will improve their efficiency on procedures and services. 2 MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd 2. 1 Core Values The company core values are Integrity, Value Creation, Entrepreneurship and Teamwork. 2. 2 Strategic Thrusts The strategic thrusts that the company has identified to keep them ahead of their competitors are: ? ? ? ? Customer Focus People Experience Quality Excellence Financial Strength 2. 3 Culture The company culture has been highly influenced by its chairman nd Managing Director, Mr Kenny Yap. Entrepreneurial leadership, incorporating the best in both management and knowledge governance practices are values he brings to the company. The essential components of Qian Hu’s business culture are belief in values such as hard work, employee welfare, family cohesion and skilful change leadership. The organisational culture at Qian Hu has evolved from a â€Å"family values† c entric one to one which encompasses more professional practices by instituting best employer practices. Appropriate measures are adopted to encourage value creation, entrepreneurship, organisational culture and the training and development of its employees. However the company recognises that for effective change management to take place, it is imperative to retain some elements of the family culture. The company also differentiates itself form its competitors through a high quality service culture and the use of technology. Qian Hu places high importance on product knowledge and training, and ensures that each of their sales staff is competent in their product knowledge. QIan Hu is differentiated from the rest of the competition in terms of tis integrated services, brand, distribution network, manufacturing capabilities, and most importantly, its quality, innovation and service culture throughout the Group. † – Qian Hu’s total value chain 3 MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd 3. Operations Qian Hu Corporation Limited has offices and subsidiar ies in 4 countries, including Singapore, Malaysia, China and Thailand. Together, they are involved in 4 types of businesses: Ornamental Fish, Arowanas, Aquarium and Pet Accessories and Plastic Bags. The organization has a proportionately diversified workforce with 49% below the age of 30, and a third of its employees are from Malaysia. Qian Hu joined the Employee Alliance (EA) 1 in 2006 and the company regularly participates in workshops, knowledge-exchanges and industry related events. The EA also provides a network of CEO-advocates that provides peer-to-peer outreach. As an EA member, Qian Hu has embarked and actively encouraged other organizations to understand the importance of integrating Work-Life initiatives into their people management. Its chairman and managing director, Kenny Yap, believes that building Work-Life values into the corporate culture is crucial. Major benefits of a Work-Life harmony for Qian 1 EA is a local association established to spearhead the adoption of Work-Life practices and make organizations aware of the business benefits in implementing Work-Life strategies 5 MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd Hu include low staff turnover. Staff turnover is lower than the national average and the industry trends, and Yap recognizes that the key to managing turnover is employee recognition and appreciation. Some of Qian Hu‘s Work-Life initiatives include allowing employees to work parttime during crucial periods such as when employees need to prepare their children for major exams such as the Primary School Leaving Examinations (PSLE) or Singapore-Cambridge GCE ‘O’ and ‘A’ Level Examinations, providing Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) for their salespeople to help them better manage their time, and enabling senior employees to work beyond the statutory retirement age. â€Å"Being an SME is an advantage because you can easily and quickly build a Work-Life culture. The small size allows us to be close-knit, informal and flexible. In Qian Hu, we treat each employee as a family member with love and mutual respect. I believe Work-Life strategy helps us create that conducive environment where employees can feel at ease and perform at their best. † – Kenny Yap, Chairman and Managing Director, Qian Hu Corporation Ltd Senior management is highly involved in communicating Qian Hu’s vision, missions and values and this is achieved through the flat hierarchical structure. Senior management regularly holds informal tea meetings with their staff, walk-abouts, and creating employee focus groups for feedback. The organization has developed and established human resource strategies derived from the environment, labor laws and practices, needs of the workforce, and business sector and management inputs. The objectives of such strategies are aimed at being a competitive employer, having a proactive learning and thinking workforce, and to nurture a family culture environment. Human resource practices at Qian Hu aim to fulfill five criteria; Manpower Planning and Staffing, Employee Involvement and Commitment, Training and Development, Employee Health and Satisfaction, and Performance Management and Recognition. Implementation of plans and subsequent reviews are done through meetings with line managers and senior management. The organization intensively studies best practices of other leading people-centric organizations in order to adopt relevant strategies for value creation, 6 MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd entrepreneurship, organizational culture, people development and compensation. Organization models that they try to emulate include Robinsons, Development Bank of Singapore (DBS), and Philips Singapore, all of which have managed to generate high value creation and business performance through their human resource practices. Qian Hu’s senior managers also attend bi-monthly information sharing sessions and best practices seminars to understand more about people development trends. Qian Hu’s performance management system integrates organizational values and functions to reinforce positive behaviors and practices. Variables include on the job performance indicators, participation and contribution towards innovation, quality and team activities and expression of the Qian Hu culture. The appraisal would then affect the salary increment and annual bonus. The flexible bonus system is tied in to profit performance, while flexible wage issues are constantly being improved. In order to ensure that the performance and recognition systems are effective, Qian Hu’s senior management, HR team and line managers review the performance and recognition systems in the company regularly. A variety of formal mechanisms such as management review sessions, employee opinion surveys (EOS), 360 degree feedback, performance achievement, third party feedback, and turnover statistics are used which enhances job satisfaction, performance and employee involvement. Target set for EOS satisfaction level is a minimum level of 90%. The organization’s Total Learning Plan is reviewed based on training effectiveness, system relevancy and the impact on business results. Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is conducted based on inputs from departmental supervisors, annual performance appraisal and Qian Hu’s internally designed executives and non-executive competency matrix. While overall average training per staff has been on a constant gradual increase, staff turnover has fallen with the execution of Qian Hu’s various HR strategies. The Employee Involvement Framework also involves the establishment of a Staff Participation Committee which is placed in-charge of leadership involvement, rewards and recognition, communication and training and development. The initiative resulted in the implementation of numerous creative ideas organizationalwide which played a significant role in driving overall business performance. The HR department plays a crucial role in championing a majority of the initiatives that helped engaged and involve employees. Examples include a Staff Suggestion 7 MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd Scheme to encourage ideas for improvement from individual employees, Community Projects comprising of home visits and donations to help promote compassion and obligations of being good corporate citizens, and Staff Dialogue Sessions to promote two-way communications and bonding within employees, as well as between the management and non-management staff. Finally, to ensure that Qian Hu’s people management strategy supports business objectives, Kenny implemented a performance reward system together with his brother Andy, who was the previous HR director. In 2003, Andy handed the HR function to their HR manager, Raymond Yip. Staff performance is appraised on a 20criterion scale whereby staff receives points whenever they achieve the criteria. 3. 3 Corporate Social Responsibility Qian Hu has always believed that â€Å"all lives should be cherished and treasured† and has in place processes and initiatives to â€Å"walk the talk†. The company adopts a 3pronged approach to contribute; the environment, the community, and the business community. Environmental preservation Qian Hu currently uses an ISO-14001 certified environment management system where rainwater is recycled to be used to irrigate all of its farms. In addition, any waste produced by their fish is treated first before being released. Qian Hu personnel are trained to reuse and recycle any reusable items, from small items like rubber bands, cups and plastic bags, to larger industrial equipment like Styrofoam containers and packaging boxes. Giving back to the community Qian Hu believes in giving back to the underprivileged, and has an annual fund raising event for the elderly. The company matches dollar for dollar at these events to show and pledge their sincerity. Also Qian Hu conducts free tours of its facilities for underprivileged students, as well as sponsoring overseas internships for a few talented students. Additionally, Qian Hu is strong supporter in the Speak Mandarin Campaign. 8 MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd The Business Community Qian Hu is committed to increasing the knowledge of ornamental fish breeders on techniques in fish breeding and care. The company organises talks on the subject regularly, and many can pick up a trick or two by visiting their facilities. In addition, Qian Hu is committed to developing young entrepreneurs and its CEO, Mr. Kenny Yap, is constantly open to talks and interviews. He is a regular speaker at SMU’s Lee Kong Chian Scholar’s Program dialogues, and often shares his success story. 4. Kenny Yap – The Entrepreneur 4. 1 Profile and Background When Kenny was seven, he bought a gold fish that cost 50 cents. Some of his brothers laughed at him when he brought the fish home because the gold fish had a broken tail. But to Kenny, his brothers’ opinions were immaterial as he thought it was a good fish. The recipient of the 2003 Ernst Youngs Services Entrepreneur of The Year Award now realizes how important such a trait is for an entrepreneur – to not be easily swayed by the opinions of others. His belief is that â€Å"as long as we can live up to our own conscience, we need not seek approval from others. Being the youngest of seven sons in the family, Kenny had the privilege of going abroad to study in Ohio State University, and obtained a first class honours in Business Administration. His elder brothers, on the contrary, had to help out at the guppy farm then. In 1989, a thunderstorm wiped out the farm’s entire stock of guppies and the Yap family had to start over. After returning from the United States, Kenny was appointed by his family to head the business in 1994. Having a degree was not equivalent to hands-on experience in the family business, and Kenny had to work his way through to gain credibility among his siblings. Together with his four brothers and two cousins, they teamed up to turn around the business and renamed the company â€Å"Qian Hu†, which means â€Å"a thousand lakes† in mandarin. Today, Kenny Yap is Executive Chairman Group Managing Director of Qian Hu Corporation Ltd, Singapore’s first integrated ornamental fish service provider as a breeder, distributor, manufacturer and retailer, Qian Hu has come a long way from being a medium sized enterprise to becoming a public-listed company with export links to more than 75 countries globally. 9 MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd 4. 2 Instilling a mindset of Change Kenny’s education in business administration at a American university led him to have different perspectives in running a business and he went on to explore new management concepts such as customer relationship management and ISO quality certification. Several organizational reforms have taken place under Kenny’s leadership such as the Strategic Business Planning exercise in 1997, Corporate Restructuring in 1998 and the National Cost of Quality Program in 1999. The objectives of these programs were to work towards business excellence and diversify both products and export markets. Kenny also initiated other change measures such as implementing technological processes, modifying the organizational structure and human resources management, to support the firm’s strategic direction. These concepts and programs were rather new to managers of small and medium-sized enterprises, but Kenny capitalized on the first-mover advantage and successfully led Qian Hu through this transition process. 4. Going Public Yap’s entrepreneurial spirit wanted to prove to the world that the ornamental fish breeding business could be a thriving and profitable industry. In November 2000, Qian Hu launched its IPO and was listed on the Singapore Exchange. In preparing for the IPO, Kenny’s greatest challenge was in persuading his family members to change their mentality from that of a private limited company to a public listed company, a corporate st ructure in which management was separate from the owners. Previously, he also had to change their mindset that they were going to be a private limited company nd no longer a family partnership entity. Yap said that one of the main reasons for his push for the IPO was to keep his siblings’ children from taking over the company, as well as forcing Qian Hu to adhere to transparent business practices. One of the biggest changes of becoming a listed corporation was that the business had an additional group of stakeholders to manage – the shareholders. Voting rights had become more diluted, and decision-making could prove to be a difficult process as both the shareholders’ interests and the company’s business had to be considered. . 4 Embracing Technology and Change The first step after taking over the business was to convey the message that the company was a separate entity from the family members. This was crucial so as to 10 MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd develop a management structure that supports the execution of company strategies. Everyone had to be responsible for the performance and welfare of others, if they wanted to bring relatives in to work for the organization. Kenny capitalized on advanced technological processes to build the fish farm’s infrastructure. Qian Hu adopted high-tech farming methods, such as a temperature controlled packinghouse, computerized system of trading records and a laboratory for fish examination and water analysis. Specialized equipment helped to increase operational efficiency, and a mobile distribution management system (DMS) helped streamline sales processes and enhance the time spent with customers. Qian Hu also began leveraging on mobile IT system in 2003 to manage its customer accounts and distribution. Over time, Qian Hu realized that the system was not able to manage the increasingly complicated business and customer expectations. Sales orders for stock code that were previously not captured in the mobile system had to be filled out by hand, resulting in billing delays and manual re-entering of data into the accounting system. There was an established discount structure, but the system was unable to compute customer discounts accordingly and the van-sales representatives had to constantly refer back to a printed price list, which defeated the purpose of the technology. With the new MEVO Mobile DMS, the van-sales team was able to meet customer needs in real time and no longer be immersed in paperwork rone to human error. Qian Hu’s investments in research and development have aggressively propelled its success in manufacturing plastic bags, which are used to pack ornamental fish for sale. Qian Hu spent more than S$200,000 and developed the world’s first automated packaging machine for ornamental fish. The machine increased output as much as 80% and reduced the amount of labour by 66%. Kenny embrace d the Western corporate structure by delineating roles and responsibilities for each family member. This caused tension among his siblings, since Chinese family enterprises seldom trust outsiders (see Family Run Business – Problems). But Kenny made a bold step to hire managers that were non-relatives. Through changing the familial mindsets of his family members, Kenny was able to transform Qian Hu from a traditionally run family business, into a world class player in the regional aquarium fish market. 11 MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd Qian Hu, like any other business, also faces the challenge of attracting, developing and retaining talent. The lack of financial resources means that Qian Hu can only differentiate itself by its organizational culture and HR practices, so that employees can be motivated to provide good quality products and services. While the compensation may not be as attractive, Qian Hu can be an employer of choice by having a transparent and equitable corporate culture, a compassionate working environment, and open communication channels for everyone to have direct interaction. A strong management team serves more than just a differentiating factor for Qian Hu, but also ensure that the organization is responsive to a changing environment. . 5 Creating an Entrepreneurial Culture Yap is a prominent entrepreneur in Singapore and was recently appointed by National Youth Council as the Chairman of the Youth Award (Entrepreneurship) Committee. Business Week also voted him as one of the 50 Stars of Asia in 2001. Qian Hus role in establishing Singapore as the ornamental fish capital of the world has distinguis hed Yap to be a remarkable business leader in the Chinese market. He feels that leadership stems from being able to trust one’s employees and being able to delegate. Yap also cautions that delegation comes with responsibility. Far from being the typical authoritarian leader whose power revolves around a patriarchal founder, Yap strongly encourages his employees to make suggestions. This is done through employee opinion surveys (EOS), third party feedback, and employee involvement. Be it during their monthly meetings, informal gatherings, recreational activities or formal employee opinion surveys, he likes to ask his employees to think about new ways of doing things. He aspires for Qian Hu to be a thinking organization, like General Electric and Citibank, one that sustains growth and is able to keep pace with changes. Yap hopes that both the young and old can learn from each other. While youths have novel ideas and can create new trends, the veterans possess a wealth of wisdom and experience. Old ideas can be new again, and new ideas should contain old truths. All employees who work for the company must be interested in tropical fish, because they need to understand the company’s products in order to manage operations well. As for top management, Qian Hu offers more than just a career, but also a vision of what they managers want to achieve in their own lives. Kenny 12 MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd places significant attention on a strong company culture and a good management system, because employees will stay on with the company if they perceive themselves to be treated fairly and share a common vision with the company. Kenny developed a performance reward system so that the highest achievers can rewarded accordingly, symbolically as well as financially. Entrepreneurship is one of the four core values of integrity in Qian Hu. This comes about from creating a unique organizational culture and is expressed in the HR handbook, which includes the corporate vision, mission, values and strategy. What Kenny has done in Qian Hu was to put a human face to the corporate culture and transmit and instil it in the organisation. 4. 6 Learning from Mistakes The road to success was not without failures. In 1989, after the flood washout, the Yap family tried to rear high-fin loaches. This breed of fish was a popular fish during that time, but competence in that breed of fish was inadequate. Vibrations from the power tools used to install new fish tanks killed 4,000 four-inch high fin loaches, worth a total of $270,000. The company learnt that they needed to know their products well and the importance of risk diversification. This lesson proved to be so valuable that the high-fin loach is now the mascot of Qian Hu. 4. 7 The Business Challenge When a customer spends $1 on fish, he typically spends another $5 on accessories. Qian Hu has identified the accessories business to be a potential driver of the business growth strategy. They established a joint-venture in Guangzhou, set up a new subsidiary in Thailand and a new fish division in Malaysia. Despite setting up these manufacturing bases to gain access to low cost and human capital resources, low barriers to entry in the fish accessories industry has seen new entrants fighting for market share, causing Qian Hu’s profit margin to fall 8. 9% in 2003. 5. Management The primary figures who make up Qian Hu’s Management team are Kenny Yap Kim Lee, the Executive Chairman and Managing Director, Alvin Yap Ah Seng, Deputy Managing Director, Andy Yap Ah Siong, Deputy Managing Director and Teo Boon Hock, the General Manager. The Management’s key responsibilities revolve around the day-to-day running of the Group as a whole, and providing the Board of 13 MGMT 104 Group Case Study – Qian Hu Corporation Ltd Directors with a continual flow of relevant information on a timely basis so that it may effectively discharge its duties. On a monthly basis, Management furnishes the Board with up-to-date financial reports and other information on the Group’s performance for effective monitoring and decision-making. Qian Hu Corporation’s Management also works closely with the Audit Committee (â€Å"AC†) in evaluating the adequacy of internal control systems of the company and holds discussions with the AC concerning the significant internal audit observations, together with the management’s responses and actions to correct any deficiencies. The Group’s Executive Chairman and Managing Director, Mr.Kenny Yap, plays a vital role in the development of the Group’s business and provides the group with strong leadership and vision. In addition to the day-to-day running of the Qian Hu Corporation, he also serves to ensure that all members of the Board of Directors and Management work well together with integrity and competency so as to achieve the greatest amount of success for the Group. His responsibilities include setting guidelines on quality, quantity, accurateness and timeliness of information flow between the Board, Management and shareholders of the company.